Types of cells – Class 11 | Chapter – 8 | Short Notes Series PDF

Types of Cells: Cells are of various types and can be classified on the basis of several categories. They can be eukaryotes, prokaryotes, animal cells, plant cells, different cells present in the body like smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, macrophages, nerve cells, etc.

Types of cells

On the basis of evolution there are two types of cells:

• Prokaryotes Cells
• Eukaryotes Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

1. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region within the cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. This region is called the nucleoid.
2. They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.
3. The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.
4. The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.
5. Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. They are also known to use conjugation – which is often seen as the prokaryotic equivalent to sexual reproduction (however, it is NOT sexual reproduction).

Eukaryotic Cells

1. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a true nucleus.
2. The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter.
3. This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.
4. The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of nutrients and electrolytes in and out of the cells. It is also responsible for cell to cell communication.
5. They reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
6. There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells. For eg., the plant cell contains chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other plastids, whereas the animal cells do not.

Prokaryote Cell	Eukaryote Cells
Prokaryotes do not have a membrane-bound nucleus.	Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
The genetic material i.e. the DNA is bundled together in the nucleoid region, but it is not stored within any membrane-bound nucleus.	In the nucleus, eukaryotes store their genetic information
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles	Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic DNA consists of molecules of double-stranded and circular DNA.	Eukaryotic DNA consists of several molecules of double-stranded linear DNA.

Cells in different organisms: Animal Cell and Plant cell

The nature and components of the cells vary depending on the type of organism put under consideration. Plant cells and animal cells differ in a few components of the cells.

Animal Cell	Plant Cell
Cell wall is absent	A hard cell wall is present
The shape of an animal cell is round and irregular.	The shape of the plant cell is mostly rectangular and fixed.
Animal Cells do not have any chloroplast and plastids.	Plant cells have chloroplast which imparts them a green colour by the synthesis of chlorophyll and food. They also have plastids
Centrioles, flagella, and cilia are present in a few cells	Centrioles, flagella, and cilia are present in a few cells
Vacuoles are not present or are present in small numbers and sizes.	Large vacuoles are present in the animal cells.

 

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By Team Learning Mantras