Stress and Strain Curve – Class 11 | Chapter – 9 | Physics Short Notes Series PDF for NEET & JEE

Stress and Strain: Stress and strain are two important concepts in materials science and mechanics that describe how materials respond to external loads or forces. Stress and strain are related by a material’s elastic modulus, which is a measure of its stiffness or resistance to deformation. Hooke’s Law states that within the elastic limit, the stress applied to a material is directly proportional to the strain it produces. The elastic modulus is denoted by the symbol E and is calculated as E = σ/ε.

Stress is defined as the force applied per unit area of a material, and is expressed in units of pressure (such as pascals, or pounds per square inch). Stress is denoted by the symbol σ and is calculated using the formula σ = F/A, where F is the applied force and A is the cross-sectional area of the material.

Strain is defined as the measure of deformation or elongation of a material in response to stress, and is expressed as a dimensionless quantity. Strain is denoted by the symbol ε and is calculated using the formula ε = ΔL/L0, where ΔL is the change in length of the material and L0 is the original length of the material.

Different Regions in Stress and Strain Curve

A stress-strain curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between stress and strain in a material. The curve is obtained by applying an increasing amount of stress to a sample of the material and measuring the resulting strain.

Stress and Strain Curve

The stress-strain curve typically has several distinct regions, each of which corresponds to a different type of material behavior. The following are the key regions of a typical stress-strain curve:

  • Elastic region: In this region, the material behaves elastically and returns to its original shape when the stress is removed. The stress-strain curve is linear in this region, and the slope of the curve corresponds to the material’s elastic modulus.
  • Yielding region: In this region, the material begins to deform plastically and the stress required to produce additional strain decreases. The stress-strain curve is no longer linear in this region, and a point called the yield point is typically defined as the transition point between the elastic and plastic regions.
  • Plastic region: In this region, the material continues to deform plastically and the stress required to produce additional strain decreases further. The stress-strain curve is curved in this region.
  • Necking region: In this region, the material begins to narrow and undergoes significant deformation. The stress-strain curve begins to drop rapidly as the material approaches failure.
  • Failure region: In this region, the material fractures or breaks under the applied stress.

The stress-strain curve is an important tool for characterizing the mechanical properties of materials. By analyzing the curve, engineers and materials scientists can determine the material’s elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and other important parameters that are critical for designing and analyzing structures and components.


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By Team Learning Mantras