Prokaryotic Cells: The term ‘prokaryote’ is derived from the two Greek words pro (means earlier or before) and Karyon (means kernel). It is simply translated before the nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have different characteristic features. The characteristics of the prokaryotic cells are mentioned below.
They lack a nuclear membrane.
Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, chloroplast, and lysosomes are absent.
The genetic material is present on a single chromosome.
The histone proteins, the important constituents of eukaryotic chromosomes, are lacking in them.
The cell wall is made up of carbohydrates and amino acids.
The plasma membrane acts as the mitochondrial membrane carrying respiratory enzymes.
They divide asexually by binary fission. The sexual mode of reproduction involves conjugation.
The following are the important components of prokaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic cells are devoid of nuclear membranes, mitochondria, or Golgi bodies, there are various other components that are a part of the structure which include:
A prokaryote reproduces in two ways:
Asexually by binary fission
Sexually by conjugation
The DNA of an organism replicates and the new copies attach to the cell membrane.
The cell wall starts increasing in size and starts moving inwards.
A cell wall is then formed between each DNA, dividing the cell into two daughter cells.
In this process, genes from one bacteria are transferred to the genome of other bacteria. It takes place in three ways-conjugation, transformation, transduction.
Conjugation is the process in which genes are transferred between two bacteria through a protein tube structure called a pilus.
Transformation is the mode of sexual reproduction in which the DNA from the surroundings is taken by the bacterial cell and incorporated in its DNA.
Transduction is the process in which the genetic material is transferred into the bacterial cell with the help of viruses. Bacteriophages are the virus that initiates the process.
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