Permanent Tissues

Permanent Tissues: Tissues that have become mature and do not have the ability to divide further are called permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are made up of cells that do not undergo cell division. The cells in these tissues are modified to perform some specific functions. The cells in permanent tissues are fully grown, bigger in size, and have a certain shape. The metabolic rate is lower in the cells of permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are derived from the meristematic tissue.

Types of Permanent Tissues

Simple Permanent Tissue

These are also known as homogenous tissues. They are made up of a single cell type, usually with the same origin, structure, and function.

Simple permanent tissue is further classified into three types:

Parenchyma

• The cells have an oval or round shape.
• The cell wall is made up of hemicellulose or cellulose.
• The cell is thin-walled.
• The cells have vacuoles and very small nucleus.
• It is found in all parts of the plant.
• The protoplasm is living and dense.

Collenchyma

• Cells are long and thick-walled.
• The cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectin.
• It is the only tissue with the highest refractive index due to the presence of pectin.
• It is found in the epidermis and the vascular bundle of dicot leaf.
• The amount of chloroplast is less in the cells.
• The cells have no intercellular spaces.

Sclerenchyma

• These are dead tissues, very hard and rigid in texture.
• Cells are thick-walled with various size and shapes.
• These provide mechanical support and rigidity to the plant.

Complex permanent Tissue

The complex tissues are made up of various types of cells carrying out distinct functions and are of two types:

Xylem

• It transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves of the plant.
• It provides support to the plants.
• It is divided into-tracheids, vessels, xylem fiber, and xylem parenchyma.

Phloem

• It translocates the prepared organic food from the leaves to different parts of the plant.
• It is also known as bast.
• It is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres.

Special Tissues

They are modified structurally to carry out functions secretory in nature and are of two types:

Laticiferous Tissues

• The plant tissues have latex.
• They originate from the meristematic tissues and mature with other tissues.
• The cells are elongated, thin-walled and multinucleated.
• Observed in a large number of families such as Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae,  Compositate, etc.

Glandular Tissues

• They possess various glands, that secrete oil, resins, tannin, mucilage, etc.
• The gland is situated on the epidermis.

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