Human Physiology Short Notes PDF: Find below the important notes for the chapter, Human Physiology as per the NEET Biology syllabus. This is helpful for aspirants of NEET and other exams during last-minute revision. Important notes for NEET Biology- Human Physiology Short Notes PDF cover all the important topics and concepts useful for the exam.

Human Physiology Short Notes PDF

Physiology is the study of the characteristics and mechanisms of the human body.

Human Physiology

Human physiology is the branch of science that deals with the study of the functionality of the organ systems of the human body. The complexity of the human body is understood as well as explored when you enter the world of human physiology. That is the reason it is not studied in one go but is divided into various topics, each correlating to the organ system in the human body. Not only the proper functioning but also the malfunctioning called diseases of various systems have been discussed under human physiology.

• It includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.
• Physiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.
• A normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.
• The concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organisms moves towards a direction to maintain an equilibrium.
• In the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.
• Human physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.
• Based on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.
• Besides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.
• A slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.
• Human physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.
• Human physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.
• During the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in the environmental factors.  The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.

Subdivision of Human Physiology

Digestive System

• Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair.
• The digestive system is not only uniquely constructed to perform its specialized function of turning food into the energy but also responsible for packaging the residue for waste disposal.
• It is essential to good health because if the digestive system shuts down, the body cannot be nourished or rid itself of waste.

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Respiratory System

• Respiration is also called ‘internal respiration’ as it is an internal process of breaking down complex organic compounds into carbon dioxide and water while releasing energy.
• Respiration takes place in the mitochondria of all the cells throughout the body.
• Respiration is a metabolic process where glucose is oxidized in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
• Respiration can occur either in the presence of oxygen or in its absence.
• Respiration in the presence of oxygen is aerobic respiration,
• Respiration in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic.
• The reactions involved in cellular respiration are catabolic reactions which break down complex compounds into simple ones.
• The process of respiration is dependent on various enzymes that catalyze different steps in the metabolic pathway. These enzymes regulate the rate and direction of these reactions.
• Cellular respiration occurs through a number of cycles like glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. All of these reactions together result in a large amount of energy and oxidation of organic compounds.
• The nutrients that are commonly used by organisms during respiration are carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids.

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Circulatory System

Excretory System

• The excretory system is the system of an organism’s body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes.
• The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.
• There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process, such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system.
• Every human has two kidneys.
• Each kidney is made up of three sections: the renal cortex, the renal medulla and the renal pelvis.
• The blood arrives at the kidney via the renal artery, which splits into many afferent arterioles.
• These arterioles go to the Bowman’s Capsules of nephrons, where the wastes are taken out of the blood by pressure filtration.
• Peritubular capillaries also surround the nephron so substances can be taken in and out of the blood.
• The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney and the medulla is the inner layer of the kidney.
• The renal pelvis takes urine away from the kidney via the ureter.
• Both of the ureters lead the urine into the body’s only urinary bladder, which expands and sends nerve impulses when full.
• From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.

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Nervous System

• The nervous system or the neural system is a complex network of neurons specialized to carry messages. The complexity of the nervous system increases as we move towards higher animals.
• For instance, cnidarians such as jellyfish have relatively simple nerve nets spread throughout their body. Crabs have a more complicated nervous system in the form of 2 nerve centers called dorsal ganglion and ventral ganglion.
• As we move further up the ladder, higher organisms such as vertebrates have a developed brain. Moreover, it is one of the most complicated structures in the animal kingdom, containing billions of neurons, all intricately connected.
• In the human body, the neural system integrates the activities of organs based on the stimuli, which the neurons detect and transmit. They transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses and convey messages to and from the sense organs. Thus, the nervous coordination involves the participation of the sense organs, nerves, spinal cord, and brain.

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Endocrine System

• The glands of the endocrine system are termed endocrine glands and are defined by the lack of ducts for the passage of their secretions.
• The endocrine system is considered to work together in coordination with the nervous system. However, the responses of the endocrine system are often slower, and the influence is much broader.
• The endocrine system also depends on the cardiovascular system for the distribution of their products. As a result, the endocrine glands are some of the most vascular tissues in the body.
• The hormones secreted by endocrine glands are effective in very small amounts; thus, the circulating levels of these hormones are typically low.
• The endocrine system also contains cells and tissues that are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands but contain cells that can secrete hormones.
• Some of such cells and tissues are the hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, skin, heart, and adipose tissues.
• The study of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the cells, along with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders involving the endocrine system, is termed endocrinology.
• Unlike most other systems in the body, the glands of the endocrine system are not grouped together and remain scattered throughout the body.
• Different hormone systems of the endocrine organs help in the regulation of all body functions like metabolism, growth, electrolyte balance, reproduction, and behavior.
• Most endocrine glands are regulated by a simple negative feedback mechanism, while the secretion is controlled by the nervous and immune systems.

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By Team Learning Mantras