Hormones of Heart Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract: A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by an organism which signals and regulates the body’s metabolism. It is a fundamental element of the endocrine system. However, the tissues/ organs other than the endocrine glands also secrete hormones for the regulation of their activities. A hormone secretion has two sites.
For instance, the adrenal gland located on the top of the kidneys (site of release) synthesizes adrenaline hormone which acts on the receptors at target sites such as the heart, trachea, muscle cells, etc.
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) also called an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), is a peptide hormone which is secreted by cardiac cells of the body. Heart cells of atrial walls release this hormone to regulate the blood volume and arterial blood pressure. The atrial natriuretic factor is a potential vasodilator, it dilates the blood vessels to reduce the pressure. This hormone is used in response to the high blood pressure, where cardiac cells secrete the Atrial natriuretic factor which leads to vasodilatation (dilation of the blood vessels) and thus, decreases the blood pressure.
Erythropoietin (EPO), is another peptide hormone secreted by a non-endocrine tissue, the kidney. It is also known as Haemopoietin. Erythropoietin secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney functions by triggering the RBC production in the bone marrow, especially when the oxygen level in the blood reduces. The formation of RBC is called erythropoiesis.
Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) are four peptide hormones secreted by endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These hormones help in digestion by stimulating the secretion of different enzymes and gastric juices.
Growth factors which help in normal growth and repairing of tissues are also a non-endocrine tissue secretions.
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