Hardy Weinberg Principle: The law is named after G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg. They were pioneers in mathematically illustrating this principle, also referred to as Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, theorem, law or model. Hardy’s thesis centrally paid attention to debunking the view that prevailed in those times that a dominant allele has the tendency to increase in frequency automatically. In today’s times, the uncertainty on selection and dominance is not very remarkable. In the current times, the Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequency tests are applied to evaluate population stratification and other sorts of non-random mating.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be explained by considering a simple genetic locus containing two alleles, A and a. The equation can be written as-
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
where p is the frequency of the allele “A” and q is the frequency of allele “a”. p2 denotes the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q2 indicates the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents Aa, which is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype. In studies related to population genetics, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to compute the difference between the observed genotype frequencies and the calculated frequencies given by the equation.
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