Fundamental Forces of Nature – Class 11 | Chapter – 1 | Physics Short Notes Series PDF for NEET & JEE
Fundamental Forces of Nature: The forces which is visible in our daily life such as muscular, friction, forces due to compression and change in length of strings and springs, fluid and gas pressure, magnetic, electric, interatomic and intermolecular forces are derived forces since their originations are because of a few fundamental forces in nature.
Fundamental Forces
1. Gravitational Force
Gravitational force is the force of attraction between two objects that have mass. The strength of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them. It is described by Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The force of gravity is what keeps planets in orbit around the sun, and is responsible for the rise and fall of ocean tides, the shape of the earth’s surface, and the motion of stars and galaxies. The force of gravity is also what causes objects to fall towards the earth when dropped, and is what gives us our weight.
The study of gravity is a central part of the field of physics, and has led to a deeper understanding of the structure and behavior of the universe. The laws of gravitation have been confirmed by numerous experiments and observations, and are an essential part of our understanding of the physical world.
2. Electromagnetic Force
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces in nature, and is responsible for interactions between electrically charged particles. It is a force that is both attractive and repulsive, and its strength depends on the charges and the distance between them.
The electromagnetic force is described by Coulomb’s law, which states that the force between two charged particles is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The electromagnetic force is responsible for a wide range of physical phenomena, including electric currents, magnetism, light, and radiation.
The electromagnetic force is a central part of the field of electromagnetism, and has been confirmed by numerous experiments and observations. It plays a critical role in the behavior of electrical and electronic systems, and is used to explain the behavior of charged particles in plasmas, electric and magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves.
The electromagnetic force is also related to the weak and strong nuclear forces, which govern interactions between subatomic particles and are responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei. Together, these four fundamental forces form the basis for our understanding of the physical world and the behavior of all matter and energy in the universe.
3. Strong Nuclear Force
The strong nuclear force, also known as the strong interaction, is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. It is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom, and is the force that holds the nucleus of an atom together against the repulsive force of the positively charged protons.
The strong nuclear force operates only over very short distances, typically about 10^-15 meters, and is much stronger than the electromagnetic force, which operates over much longer distances. The strong nuclear force is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which explains the behavior of quarks and gluons, the building blocks of protons and neutrons.
The strong nuclear force is what makes the atomic nucleus stable, and is responsible for the release of energy in nuclear reactions, such as those that occur in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. It is also responsible for the fusion of light elements in stars, which releases the energy that powers stars and produces heavy elements through nuclear reactions.
The strong nuclear force is a central part of the field of nuclear physics, and is essential for our understanding of the structure and behavior of atoms and the universe.
4. Weak Nuclear Force
The weak nuclear force, also known as the weak interaction, is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. It is responsible for certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay, where a neutron decays into a proton, electron, and neutrino. The weak force is also involved in the process of fusion that powers the sun and other stars.
The weak force operates over very short distances, typically about 10^-18 meters, and is much weaker than the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. The weak force is described by the theory of the electroweak interaction, which unifies the weak force and the electromagnetic force into a single force at high energies.
The weak force is responsible for processes that violate parity symmetry, meaning that it treats left and right handed particles differently. This makes it different from the other three fundamental forces, which are symmetrical with respect to left and right handed particles.
The weak force is a central part of the field of particle physics, and is essential for our understanding of the behavior of subatomic particles and the universe. The discovery of the weak force was a major milestone in the development of the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the behavior of all known particles and their interactions.
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