Electromagnetic Spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all electromagnetic waves or radiation, arranged according to their frequency or wavelength. It includes a wide range of waves, from low-frequency radio waves to high-frequency gamma rays, with a corresponding range of energies and wavelengths.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into different regions, each with its own characteristic wavelengths, frequencies, and energy ranges. These regions, listed from longest to shortest wavelength, are:
Gamma rays: This region includes the highest frequencies and energies in the electromagnetic spectrum, with frequencies above several exahertz. Gamma rays are used in medical imaging, radiation therapy, and other applications.
The entire range (electromagnetic spectrum) is given by radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultra-violet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays in the increasing order of frequency and decreasing order of wavelength. The type of radiation and their frequency and wavelength ranges are as follows:
Type of Radiation | Frequency Range (Hz) | Wavelength Range |
gamma-rays | 1020 – 1024 | < 10-12 m |
x-rays | 1017 – 1020 | 1 nm – 1 pm |
ultraviolet | 1015 – 1017 | 400 nm – 1 nm |
visible | 4 x 1014 – 7.5 x 1014 | 750 nm – 400 nm |
near-infrared | 1 x 1014 – 4 x1014 | 2.5 μm – 750 nm |
infrared | 1013 – 1014 | 25 μm – 2.5 μm |
microwaves | 3 x 1011 – 1013 | 1 mm – 25 μm |
radio waves | < 3 x 1011 | > 1 mm |
The electromagnetic spectrum is significant in many areas of science and technology, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and engineering. Here are some of the key aspects of its significance:
Materials science and engineering: The electromagnetic spectrum is used in materials science and engineering to study the properties of materials and develop new materials for various applications. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy use different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to probe the structure and properties of materials.
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