Causes of the Rise of Indian National Movement: The rise of the Indian National Movement was a culmination of these and many other factors, representing a broad-based, inclusive, and sustained effort to challenge and ultimately overthrow British colonial rule in India. It was a long and complex journey that finally resulted in India gaining independence on August 15, 1947.

Causes of the Rise of Indian National Movement

The rise of the Indian National Movement, which aimed to end British colonial rule and gain independence, was a complex and multifaceted process. Several factors and causes contributed to the growth and development of this movement:

• British Colonial Rule: The oppressive and exploitative nature of British colonial rule in India, which included economic exploitation, social discrimination, and cultural insensitivity, led to widespread discontent and desire for self-rule.
• Political Centralization: The consolidation of British rule through the establishment of the British Crown’s direct control over India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 led to a greater sense of unity among Indians against colonial rule.
• Influence of Western Education: The spread of Western education introduced Indians to Enlightenment ideals and democratic principles, inspiring a desire for self-governance.
• Indian Civil Services (ICS) and Limited Representation: The limited representation of Indians in the ICS and legislative bodies created a demand for greater political participation and influence in the administration.
• Social and Religious Movements: Reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and the revival of religious and cultural identities (e.g., the Sikh and Maratha movements) fostered a sense of community and self-assertion.
• Economic Exploitation: British economic policies, including land revenue systems, led to the impoverishment of Indian peasants and agrarian communities. This economic strain fueled discontent.
• Civil Liberties and Political Rights: Indians’ demands for civil liberties and political rights were often denied, leading to movements for freedom and self-governance.
• Impact of World Wars: Indian contributions and sacrifices in World Wars I and II, coupled with the political developments in Europe, made it evident that Britain’s colonial rule was unsustainable.
• Leadership and Ideals: The emergence of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, and others, who championed non-violence and civil disobedience, provided a unifying force and a clear direction for the independence movement.
• Nationalist Media: Newspapers and periodicals played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion and spreading nationalist ideals.
• Formation of Political Organizations: The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, and the All India Muslim League (AIML) played significant roles in coordinating and leading the independence movement.
• Impact of International Events: International events, including the Russian Revolution and the anti-colonial movements in other countries, provided inspiration and international support for the Indian National Movement.
• Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience: Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements (e.g., the Salt March) ignited mass protests and civil resistance.
• Partition of Bengal (1905): The British decision to partition Bengal in 1905 was met with strong opposition and led to the Swadeshi Movement, promoting the use of Indian-made products.
• Role of Youth: Young leaders and students, influenced by nationalist ideas and modern education, played an active role in the struggle for independence.

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By Team Learning Mantras