Beta Decay – Class 12 | Chapter – 13 | Physics Short Notes Series PDF for NEET & JEE

Beta Decay: Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a nucleus emits a beta particle, which is either an electron or a positron. Beta decay occurs when a nucleus has too many or too few neutrons relative to its number of protons. The process can result in the conversion of a neutron into a proton or vice versa.

There are two types of beta decay: beta-minus decay and beta-plus decay. In beta-minus decay, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton, and an electron and an antineutrino are emitted. In beta-plus decay, a proton in the nucleus is converted into a neutron, and a positron and a neutrino are emitted.

During beta decay, the parent nucleus transforms into a daughter nucleus with a different atomic number, but the same mass number. The emitted beta particle has a charge of either -1 (in the case of an electron) or +1 (in the case of a positron), and is typically emitted with a high velocity.

Applications of Beta Decay

Beta decay plays an important role in nuclear physics and has several practical applications, including:

• Medical imaging: Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use beta-plus decay to create detailed images of the body. In this technique, a small amount of a radioactive substance that emits positrons is injected into the body. The positrons interact with electrons in the body, producing gamma rays that are detected by a scanner and used to create images of the body.
• Nuclear power: Beta decay is an important process in nuclear power generation. In particular, beta decay is responsible for generating heat in some types of nuclear reactors.
• Carbon dating: Beta decay can be used to determine the age of organic materials, such as wood and bone. This technique, called radiocarbon dating, relies on the fact that carbon-14 undergoes beta decay with a half-life of around 5,700 years.
• Research: Beta decay is an important tool in nuclear and particle physics research. By studying the properties of beta particles and the decay of isotopes, scientists can gain insights into the fundamental nature of matter and energy.

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By Team Learning Mantras